Home  /  A history of ornament

A short history

Two thousand years
of ornament.

From Roman stucco to Art Deco sunbursts, the shapes behind every Flare piece have a story. Here is how they came to be.

A hand-cast plaster piece in the classical style

Two thousand years of ornament

From Rome to your room.

Each era left its mark on the rooms we live in. Every Flare collection traces its shapes back to one of them.

  1. 1st century BC – 4th century AD

    Ancient Rome

    Roman builders finished walls and ceilings in lime plaster and stucco, running mouldings by hand. The architect Vitruvius wrote down the classical orders, and the acanthus leaf of the Corinthian capital became the most copied ornament in history.

    AcanthusEgg-and-dartCorinthian capital

    Shop Heritage & Classical
  2. 1400s – 1600s

    Renaissance & Palladian

    Italian architects revived the Roman orders. Andrea Palladio's Four Books of Architecture (1570) spread the pediment, the column and balanced proportion across Europe, later shaping the Georgian doorway.

    PedimentPilasterSymmetry

    Shop overdoors
  3. 1730s – 1770s

    Rococo

    In France, ornament grew lighter and freer. The style took its name from rocaille, the shell and rock work of grottoes, and scallop shells, scrolls and asymmetric curves spread across ceilings and walls.

    Scallop shellRocailleC-scroll

    Shop Coastal
  4. 1714 – 1830

    Georgian & Adam

    Georgian Britain loved order and proportion. From the 1760s Robert Adam and his brother James designed delicate neoclassical ceilings with fans, swags and central medallions, the ancestors of the ceiling rose.

    Ceiling medallionFanSwag

    Shop Heritage & Classical
  5. 1811 – 1837

    Regency

    Lighter and more theatrical than the Georgian years. John Nash wrapped Regent's Park in white stucco terraces and turned the Royal Pavilion in Brighton into an Indian-inspired fantasy, while interiors favoured reeding, anthemion and slender classical lines.

    StuccoReedingAnthemion

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  6. 1830s – 1870s

    Gothic Revival

    A.W.N. Pugin argued that pointed Gothic architecture was the honest, Christian style for Britain. His interiors for the new Palace of Westminster filled ceilings and walls with tracery, quatrefoils and rich colour, and Gothic details spread into Victorian homes.

    Pointed archQuatrefoilTracery

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  7. 1837 – 1901

    Victorian

    Ceiling roses became a fixture of the Victorian home, set around the gas light at the centre of the room. Fibrous plaster, patented in 1856, made richly modelled roses and cornices affordable for ordinary houses.

    Ceiling roseCorniceFibrous plaster

    Shop ceiling roses
  8. 1860s – 1910

    Arts & Crafts

    William Morris called for beautiful, well-made things for everyday life. From Red House in Bexleyheath (1860) onwards, the movement championed hand-making, honest materials and patterns drawn from British plants and birds.

    Hand-madeHonest materialsNatural pattern

    Shop Botanical & Art Nouveau
  9. 1890 – 1910

    Art Nouveau

    Designers turned to nature. Victor Horta's Hôtel Tassel in Brussels (1893) and the work of Hector Guimard in Paris replaced classical rules with stems, leaves, petals and the flowing whiplash line.

    Whiplash lineLeavesPetals

    Shop Botanical & Art Nouveau
  10. 1919 onwards

    Bauhaus & Modernism

    The Bauhaus, founded by Walter Gropius in 1919, argued that form should follow function. Mies van der Rohe's "less is more" set the tone for clean curves, simple geometry and nothing extra.

    CircleArchClean line

    Shop Modern & Minimal
  11. 1920s – 1930s

    Art Deco

    The 1925 Paris Exposition des Arts Décoratifs gave the style its name. Sunbursts, fans, stepped ziggurats and chevrons brought glamour to cinemas, hotels and homes, and to New York's Chrysler Building (1930).

    SunburstFanStepped lines

    Shop Art Deco
  12. 1945 – 1970

    Mid-century modern

    The post-war years looked to science and the space age. Starbursts, atomic motifs, boomerangs and soft geometry appeared on everything from clocks to ceilings, echoing Brussels' Atomium (1958).

    StarburstAtomicBoomerang

    Shop Mid-century
  13. Today

    Flare

    Flare brings these traditions into the present: architectural pieces designed and hand-cast to order in Shrewsbury, from ceiling roses to sculptural wall lights, finished raw or painted to suit your room.

    Ceiling rosesWall lightsOverdoors

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Anatomy of a ceiling rose

Five rings, one centre.

Most classical roses are built the same way, from the outside in. Hover over or tap a number to see each part.

  1. Outer beadA ring of small beads or a plain band marks the edge of the rose and gives a crisp line against the flat ceiling.
  2. Egg and dartAlternating ovals and arrowheads borrowed from Greek and Roman cornices, one of the oldest classical mouldings.
  3. Leaf ringThe showpiece. Acanthus leaves, petals or fan rays radiate from the centre, and this ring sets the style of the whole rose.
  4. Inner ringA bead-and-reel or plain ring frames the centre and separates it from the leaves.
  5. Centre bossThe raised centre where the light hangs. Most roses have a hole for the cable; in Victorian houses this framed the gas pendant.
Read the plaster glossary

See it for yourself

Great plasterwork to visit.

Nine British houses and palaces where you can see these styles at their best. Check opening times before you travel.

  1. Atcham, near Shrewsbury

    Attingham Park

    1785, with a picture gallery by John Nash

    A Georgian mansion a few miles from our studio, with fine Regency interiors and one of the earliest top-lit picture galleries. Cared for by the National Trust.

  2. Derbyshire

    Kedleston Hall

    Robert Adam, 1760s

    Adam at his grandest: a columned Marble Hall and a domed saloon. A National Trust house.

    Read about Robert Adam
  3. Brentford, west London

    Syon House

    Robert Adam, 1760s

    A sequence of Adam rooms, each with a different ceiling, from the Great Hall to the Long Gallery.

  4. Lincoln's Inn Fields, London

    Sir John Soane's Museum

    Sir John Soane, 1792 – 1824

    Soane's own house, kept as he left it: domes, mirrors and light falling from above.

    Read about Soane
  5. Brighton

    Royal Pavilion

    John Nash, 1815 – 1823

    Nash's Indian-style palace for George IV, with extraordinary painted and plastered interiors.

    Read about Nash
  6. London

    Palace of Westminster

    Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin, from 1840

    Pugin's Gothic Revival interiors at their richest. UK residents can book tours through their MP or the Parliament website.

    Read about Pugin
  7. Bexleyheath, south-east London

    Red House

    William Morris and Philip Webb, 1859 – 1860

    The house Morris built as a young man, where the Arts & Crafts story began. A National Trust property.

    Read about Morris
  8. Helensburgh, Scotland

    The Hill House

    Charles Rennie Mackintosh, 1902 – 1904

    Mackintosh's finest house, with Glasgow-style roses and stencilling. Cared for by the National Trust for Scotland.

    Read about Mackintosh
  9. Greenwich, London

    Eltham Palace

    1930s, for Stephen and Virginia Courtauld

    Glamorous Art Deco interiors built beside a medieval great hall. Run by English Heritage.

    What is Art Deco?

A glossary of ornament

The words behind the shapes.

A few of the terms you'll meet on period ceilings and in our collections.

Plate I
Acanthus A deeply cut leaf from the Corinthian capital, used since ancient Greece.
Plate II
Pediment The triangular or curved gable above a door or window.
Plate III
Rocaille Shell and rock forms that gave Rococo its name.
Plate IV
Ceiling rose A round ornament at the centre of a ceiling, around the light.
Plate V
Whiplash line The long, flowing S-curve of Art Nouveau.
Plate VI
Sunburst Rays fanning out from a centre, a signature of Art Deco.
Plate VII
Starburst The radiating, atomic-age motif of mid-century design.
Plate VIII
Arch The oldest architectural curve, and the Flare motif.

From the Flare Journal

Read more history.

Longer stories about the eras, buildings and architects on this page.

Flare illustration of a white classical house with a curved double stair and painted ceiling panels

4 min read

Inigo Jones and the first English classical interiors

By Joseph van LockeFounder, designer and maker
Flare illustration of a great dome above a colonnade with a plaster leaf wreath

3 min read

Sir Christopher Wren and English Baroque plasterwork

By Joseph van LockeFounder, designer and maker
Flare illustration of three doors with triangular, segmental and broken pediments

3 min read

The overdoor pediment: from temple front to Georgian doorcase

By Joseph van LockeFounder, designer and maker

Shop by style

Six chapters, cast by hand.

Each Flare style is our take on one chapter of this history.

Restoring a period room? Ask the studio.

Send a photo of your ceiling or doorway and Joseph will suggest pieces that suit its era.

Ask Joseph